Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single round ball, known as the football. Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw.
The primary rule is that players (other than goalkeepers) may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.[7]
In typical game play, players attempt to create goal scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.[8]
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.[9] The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,[10] but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to pass it to the forwards. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.[11] The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.[12]
Sunday, March 9, 2008
Governing Bodies
[edit] Governing bodies
See also: Association football around the world
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National associations oversee football within individual countries. These are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.
[edit] Major international competitions
The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. More than 190 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.[41] The 2006 FIFA World Cup took place in Germany; in 2010 it will be held in South Africa.[42]
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only,[19] however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;[43] but that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women’s Olympic tournament. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.
After the World Cup, the most important football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.[44]
[edit] Domestic competitions
Main article: Association football around the world
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team are declared the champions. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.
The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more cup competitions. These are organised on a knock-out basis, the winner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no further part in the competition.
Some countries' top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five top European leagues—the Premier League (England), the Bundesliga (Germany), La Liga (Spain), Ligue 1 (France) and Serie A (Italy)—attract most of the world's best players.
[edit] Names of the game
See also: Names for association football and Football (word)
The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of association football, often credited to former England captain, Charles Wreford-Brown.[45]
Today the sport is generally known simply as football in countries where it is the most popular football code. In countries where other codes are more popular, the sport is more commonly referred to as soccer, and indeed is referred to as such in the official names of the governing bodies in the United States and Canada. FIFA, the sport's world governing body, defines the sport they govern as association football in their statutes,[46] but the term most commonly used by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee is football.
[edit] See also
Association football Portal
Association football culture
List of association football clubs
List of men's national association football teams
List of top association football goal scorers
List of top association football goal scorers by country
Lists of association football players
Paralympic association football
[show] v • d • e Association football
Overviews: Football around the world Women's football around the world
Timelines: Football English football
History: Prehistory of football History of football
1840s 1850s 1860s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
[edit] References
^ "Soccer". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Guttman, Allen [1993]. "The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism", in Eric Dunning, Joseph A. Maguire, Robert E. Pearton: The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach. Champaign: Human Kinetics, p129. ISBN 0880116242. “the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport”
^ Dunning, Eric [1999]. "The development of soccer as a world game", Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. London: Routledge, p103. ISBN 0415064139. “During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport”
^ "Soccer Popularity In U.S.", Austin, Texas: KXAN, 2006-06-12. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. "Soccer is easily the most popular sport worldwide, so popular that much of Europe practically shuts down during the World Cup."
^ Frederick O. Mueller, Robert C. Cantu, Steven P. Van Camp [1996]. "Team Sports", Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics, p57. ISBN 0873226747. “Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, and its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels”
^ 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage. FIFA official website (2006-12-05). Retrieved on 2008-01-06. (webarchive)
^ a b c Laws of the game (Law 12). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ a b c Laws of the game (Law 8). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ England Premiership (2005/2006). Sportpress.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
^ a b Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Positions guide, Who is in a team?. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Formations. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ History of Football. FIFA. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
^ Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the first hundred years. London: Routledge, pp.126. ISBN 0415350182.
^ Winner, David. "The hands-off approach to a man's game", The Times, 2005-03-28. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ a b History of the FA. Football Association website. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ The International FA Board. FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. (webarchive)
^ The History Of The Football League. Football League website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ a b Where it all began. FIFA official website. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. (webarchive)
^ Ingle, Sean and Barry Glendenning. "Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance?", Guardian Unlimited, 2003-10-09. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
^ TV Data. FIFA website. Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
^ FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide (PDF). FIFA website. Retrieved on 2006-09-15. (webarchive)
^ Dart, James and Paolo Bandini (2007-02-21). Has football ever started a war?. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Daniel W. Drezner. "The Soccer Wars", The Washington Post, 2006-06-04, p. B01.
^ Laws Of The Game. FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
^ Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Summers, Chris (2004-09-02). Will we ever go completely metric?. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Collett, Mike (2004-07-02). Time running out for silver goal. Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ a b Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ The History of Offside. Julian Carosi. Retrieved on 2006-06-03.
^ The number of competing teams has varied over the history of the competition. The most recent changed was in 1998, from 24 to 32.
^ 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa. FIFA World Cup website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Football - An Olympic Sport since 1900. IOC website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format. FIFA (2007-08-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Blain, Rebecca. The World's Most Beloved Sport - The History of Soccer. fussballportal.de. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ FIFA Statutes (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
See also: Association football around the world
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National associations oversee football within individual countries. These are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.
[edit] Major international competitions
The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. More than 190 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.[41] The 2006 FIFA World Cup took place in Germany; in 2010 it will be held in South Africa.[42]
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only,[19] however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;[43] but that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women’s Olympic tournament. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.
After the World Cup, the most important football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.[44]
[edit] Domestic competitions
Main article: Association football around the world
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team are declared the champions. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.
The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more cup competitions. These are organised on a knock-out basis, the winner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no further part in the competition.
Some countries' top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five top European leagues—the Premier League (England), the Bundesliga (Germany), La Liga (Spain), Ligue 1 (France) and Serie A (Italy)—attract most of the world's best players.
[edit] Names of the game
See also: Names for association football and Football (word)
The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of association football, often credited to former England captain, Charles Wreford-Brown.[45]
Today the sport is generally known simply as football in countries where it is the most popular football code. In countries where other codes are more popular, the sport is more commonly referred to as soccer, and indeed is referred to as such in the official names of the governing bodies in the United States and Canada. FIFA, the sport's world governing body, defines the sport they govern as association football in their statutes,[46] but the term most commonly used by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee is football.
[edit] See also
Association football Portal
Association football culture
List of association football clubs
List of men's national association football teams
List of top association football goal scorers
List of top association football goal scorers by country
Lists of association football players
Paralympic association football
[show] v • d • e Association football
Overviews: Football around the world Women's football around the world
Timelines: Football English football
History: Prehistory of football History of football
1840s 1850s 1860s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
[edit] References
^ "Soccer". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Guttman, Allen [1993]. "The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism", in Eric Dunning, Joseph A. Maguire, Robert E. Pearton: The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach. Champaign: Human Kinetics, p129. ISBN 0880116242. “the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport”
^ Dunning, Eric [1999]. "The development of soccer as a world game", Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. London: Routledge, p103. ISBN 0415064139. “During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport”
^ "Soccer Popularity In U.S.", Austin, Texas: KXAN, 2006-06-12. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. "Soccer is easily the most popular sport worldwide, so popular that much of Europe practically shuts down during the World Cup."
^ Frederick O. Mueller, Robert C. Cantu, Steven P. Van Camp [1996]. "Team Sports", Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics, p57. ISBN 0873226747. “Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, and its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels”
^ 2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage. FIFA official website (2006-12-05). Retrieved on 2008-01-06. (webarchive)
^ a b c Laws of the game (Law 12). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ a b c Laws of the game (Law 8). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ England Premiership (2005/2006). Sportpress.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
^ a b Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Positions guide, Who is in a team?. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Formations. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ History of Football. FIFA. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
^ Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the first hundred years. London: Routledge, pp.126. ISBN 0415350182.
^ Winner, David. "The hands-off approach to a man's game", The Times, 2005-03-28. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ a b History of the FA. Football Association website. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
^ The International FA Board. FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. (webarchive)
^ The History Of The Football League. Football League website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ a b Where it all began. FIFA official website. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. (webarchive)
^ Ingle, Sean and Barry Glendenning. "Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance?", Guardian Unlimited, 2003-10-09. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
^ TV Data. FIFA website. Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
^ FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide (PDF). FIFA website. Retrieved on 2006-09-15. (webarchive)
^ Dart, James and Paolo Bandini (2007-02-21). Has football ever started a war?. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Daniel W. Drezner. "The Soccer Wars", The Washington Post, 2006-06-04, p. B01.
^ Laws Of The Game. FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
^ Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Summers, Chris (2004-09-02). Will we ever go completely metric?. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
^ Collett, Mike (2004-07-02). Time running out for silver goal. Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ a b Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
^ The History of Offside. Julian Carosi. Retrieved on 2006-06-03.
^ The number of competing teams has varied over the history of the competition. The most recent changed was in 1998, from 24 to 32.
^ 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa. FIFA World Cup website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Football - An Olympic Sport since 1900. IOC website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format. FIFA (2007-08-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Blain, Rebecca. The World's Most Beloved Sport - The History of Soccer. fussballportal.de. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ FIFA Statutes (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
Duration of Game
[edit] Duration and tie-breaking methods
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, and is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.[33]
In league competitions, games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may use the away goals rule to determine which team progresses in the event of equal aggregate scores. If the result is still equal, kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though some competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.[34]
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, and is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.[33]
In league competitions, games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may use the away goals rule to determine which team progresses in the event of equal aggregate scores. If the result is still equal, kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though some competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.[34]
Soccer Clubs
Laws of the game
There are seventeen laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board, not FIFA itself.[25]
[edit] Players, equipment and officials
See also: Association football positions, Formation (football), and Kit (Association football)
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.[10]
The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.[26]
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.[27]
A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.[28]
[edit] Pitch
Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)
Main article: Football pitch
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrification, such as Britain.[29]
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 91–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–91 m (50–101 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. The longer boundary lines are touchlines or sidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.[30] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.3 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.[31]
In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.[32]
There are seventeen laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same Laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors or women are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board, not FIFA itself.[25]
[edit] Players, equipment and officials
See also: Association football positions, Formation (football), and Kit (Association football)
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.[10]
The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.[26]
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.[27]
A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.[28]
[edit] Pitch
Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)
Main article: Football pitch
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrification, such as Britain.[29]
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 91–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–91 m (50–101 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. The longer boundary lines are touchlines or sidelines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.[30] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.3 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.[31]
In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.[32]
Soccer 2008
[edit] Events
20 January to 10 February — Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana
June 7 to June 29 — Euro 2008 held in Austria and Switzerland
August 6 to August 24 - Men's and Women's Football Tournaments at the Beijing Olympics
October 30 to November 16 — Inauguration of FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup held In New Zealand
November 20 to December 7 — 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile
[edit] News
[edit] January
3 – Argentine midfielder Éver Banega leaves CA Boca Juniors and joins the Spanish club Valencia CF for an estimated fee of €18 million.
5 – Everton are knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by Oldham, a team from Football League One (third division) as Huddersfield Town from the same division beat Birmingham City.
6 – Toulouse are eliminated from the Coupe de France by Paris FC, a team from the Championnat National (third division).
9 – Sam Allardyce leaves the manager's position at Newcastle United by mutual agreement.
11 – Jürgen Klinsmann is unveiled as the new coach of FC Bayern Munich, it was announced this would be effective from July.
20 – The Africa Cup of Nations begins in Ghana with the hosts beating Guinea 2-1.
23 – Tottenham Hotspur defeat Arsenal 5-1 in the semi-final second-leg of the League Cup. This was the first time they had beaten their local rivals since 1999.
24 – George Burley is announced as the new coach of the Scotland national football team.
28 – Mohamed Sissoko leaves Liverpool to sign for Juventus, costing the Italian team €13 million.
[edit] February
2 – Frédéric Kanouté is named 2007 African Footballer of the Year
4 – Víctor Muñoz is sacked from the managers job of Spanish team Recreativo de Huelva, Manolo Zambrano is immediately installed as the new coach of the La Liga team.
10 – Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations after beating Cameroon in the final 1-0.
23 – South Korean men's team won East Asian Cup 2008.
23 – Japanese J. League Cup winner Gamba Osaka defeated MLS champion Houston Dynamo at the final game of Pan-Pacific Championship 2008 by 6-1, won the champion title of inaugural tournament. Los Angeles Galaxy won the third place match against Sydney FC from A-league by 2-1.
24 – Japan won the Women's East Asian Cup 2008 with three straight wins over South Korea, North Korea, and China.
[edit] National champions
[edit] AFC nations
Australia: Newcastle Jets
[edit] International tournaments
2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana (January 20 – February 10, 2008)
Egypt
Cameroon
Ghana
Côte d'Ivoire
Men's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing, China (February 17 – 23, 2008)
Korea Republic
Japan
China PR
Korea DPR
Women's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing, China (February 18 – 24, 2008)
Japan
Korea DPR
China PR
Korea Republic
[edit] Deaths
[edit] January
January 4 – Bjørn Odmar Andersen, Norwegian footballer
January 4 – Vyacheslav Ambartsumyan, Russian footballer
January 5 – Louis Hon, French footballer
January 9 – Paul Aimson, English footballer
January 11 – Frank Loughran, Australian international footballer
January 12 – Leszek Jezierski, Polish footballer and manager
January 14 – Johnny Steele, English footballer and manager
January 18 – Wally Fielding, English footballer
January 21 – Billy Elliott, English footballer
[edit] February
February 1 – Władysław Kawula, Polish footballer
February 9 – Guy Tchingoma, Gabonese footballer
February 10 – Ove Jørstad, Norwegian footballer
February 12 – Jean Prouff, French footballer and manager
February 12 – Thomas Grosser, German footballer
February 14 – Len Boyd, English footballer
February 15 – Inge Thun, Norwegian footballer
February 17 – Brian Harris, English footballer and manager
February 21 – Emmanuel Sanon, Haitian footballer
[edit] March
March 2 – Carl Hoddle, English footballer
March 5 – Derek Dooley, English footballer and manager
20 January to 10 February — Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana
June 7 to June 29 — Euro 2008 held in Austria and Switzerland
August 6 to August 24 - Men's and Women's Football Tournaments at the Beijing Olympics
October 30 to November 16 — Inauguration of FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup held In New Zealand
November 20 to December 7 — 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile
[edit] News
[edit] January
3 – Argentine midfielder Éver Banega leaves CA Boca Juniors and joins the Spanish club Valencia CF for an estimated fee of €18 million.
5 – Everton are knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by Oldham, a team from Football League One (third division) as Huddersfield Town from the same division beat Birmingham City.
6 – Toulouse are eliminated from the Coupe de France by Paris FC, a team from the Championnat National (third division).
9 – Sam Allardyce leaves the manager's position at Newcastle United by mutual agreement.
11 – Jürgen Klinsmann is unveiled as the new coach of FC Bayern Munich, it was announced this would be effective from July.
20 – The Africa Cup of Nations begins in Ghana with the hosts beating Guinea 2-1.
23 – Tottenham Hotspur defeat Arsenal 5-1 in the semi-final second-leg of the League Cup. This was the first time they had beaten their local rivals since 1999.
24 – George Burley is announced as the new coach of the Scotland national football team.
28 – Mohamed Sissoko leaves Liverpool to sign for Juventus, costing the Italian team €13 million.
[edit] February
2 – Frédéric Kanouté is named 2007 African Footballer of the Year
4 – Víctor Muñoz is sacked from the managers job of Spanish team Recreativo de Huelva, Manolo Zambrano is immediately installed as the new coach of the La Liga team.
10 – Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations after beating Cameroon in the final 1-0.
23 – South Korean men's team won East Asian Cup 2008.
23 – Japanese J. League Cup winner Gamba Osaka defeated MLS champion Houston Dynamo at the final game of Pan-Pacific Championship 2008 by 6-1, won the champion title of inaugural tournament. Los Angeles Galaxy won the third place match against Sydney FC from A-league by 2-1.
24 – Japan won the Women's East Asian Cup 2008 with three straight wins over South Korea, North Korea, and China.
[edit] National champions
[edit] AFC nations
Australia: Newcastle Jets
[edit] International tournaments
2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana (January 20 – February 10, 2008)
Egypt
Cameroon
Ghana
Côte d'Ivoire
Men's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing, China (February 17 – 23, 2008)
Korea Republic
Japan
China PR
Korea DPR
Women's East Asian Cup 2008 final in Chongqing, China (February 18 – 24, 2008)
Japan
Korea DPR
China PR
Korea Republic
[edit] Deaths
[edit] January
January 4 – Bjørn Odmar Andersen, Norwegian footballer
January 4 – Vyacheslav Ambartsumyan, Russian footballer
January 5 – Louis Hon, French footballer
January 9 – Paul Aimson, English footballer
January 11 – Frank Loughran, Australian international footballer
January 12 – Leszek Jezierski, Polish footballer and manager
January 14 – Johnny Steele, English footballer and manager
January 18 – Wally Fielding, English footballer
January 21 – Billy Elliott, English footballer
[edit] February
February 1 – Władysław Kawula, Polish footballer
February 9 – Guy Tchingoma, Gabonese footballer
February 10 – Ove Jørstad, Norwegian footballer
February 12 – Jean Prouff, French footballer and manager
February 12 – Thomas Grosser, German footballer
February 14 – Len Boyd, English footballer
February 15 – Inge Thun, Norwegian footballer
February 17 – Brian Harris, English footballer and manager
February 21 – Emmanuel Sanon, Haitian footballer
[edit] March
March 2 – Carl Hoddle, English footballer
March 5 – Derek Dooley, English footballer and manager
world cup winners
Expert Football > World Football > World Cup
The overly-commercial World Cup of today had actually humble beginnings. Early in the 20th century, FIFA tried to arrange an international tournament, but it wasn't until 1930 that the first World Cup was held. The tournament was designed as an alternative to the Olympic games where professional footballers where not allowed to compete. Held in South America, the first World Cup was ignored by many European nations due to the inconvenience of travel. England, where professional football was first to develop completely dismissed the tournament and refused to participate until 1950
Germany 2006
S.Korea & Japan 2002
France 1998
USA 1994
Past World Cup Finals
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Result
Host
2006
Italy
France
1-1 (5-3)
Germany
2002
Brazil
Germany
2-0
S.Korea & Japan
1998
France
Brazil
3-0
France
1994
Brazil
Italy
0-0 (3-2)
USA
1990
West Germany
Argentina
1-0
Italy
1986
Argentina
West Germany
3-2
Mexico
1982
Italy
West Germany
3-1
Spain
1978
Argentina
Netherlands
3-1
Argentina
1974
West Germany
Netherlands
2-1
Germany
1970
Brazil
Italy
4-1
Mexico
1966
England
West Germany
4-2
England
1962
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
3-1
Chile
1958
Brazil
Sweden
5-2
Sweden
1954
West Germany
Hungary
3-2
Switzerland
1950
Uruguay
Brazil
2-1
Brazil
1938
Italy
Hungary
4-2
France
1934
Italy
Czechoslovakia
2-1
Italy
1930
Uruguay
Argentina
4-2
Uruguay
Titles
Country
5
Brazil
4
Italy
3
Germany
2
Uruguay
2
Argentina
1
France
1
England
Titles
Continent
9
South America
9
Europe
Official Posters
Official Emblems
The overly-commercial World Cup of today had actually humble beginnings. Early in the 20th century, FIFA tried to arrange an international tournament, but it wasn't until 1930 that the first World Cup was held. The tournament was designed as an alternative to the Olympic games where professional footballers where not allowed to compete. Held in South America, the first World Cup was ignored by many European nations due to the inconvenience of travel. England, where professional football was first to develop completely dismissed the tournament and refused to participate until 1950
Germany 2006
S.Korea & Japan 2002
France 1998
USA 1994
Past World Cup Finals
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Result
Host
2006
Italy
France
1-1 (5-3)
Germany
2002
Brazil
Germany
2-0
S.Korea & Japan
1998
France
Brazil
3-0
France
1994
Brazil
Italy
0-0 (3-2)
USA
1990
West Germany
Argentina
1-0
Italy
1986
Argentina
West Germany
3-2
Mexico
1982
Italy
West Germany
3-1
Spain
1978
Argentina
Netherlands
3-1
Argentina
1974
West Germany
Netherlands
2-1
Germany
1970
Brazil
Italy
4-1
Mexico
1966
England
West Germany
4-2
England
1962
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
3-1
Chile
1958
Brazil
Sweden
5-2
Sweden
1954
West Germany
Hungary
3-2
Switzerland
1950
Uruguay
Brazil
2-1
Brazil
1938
Italy
Hungary
4-2
France
1934
Italy
Czechoslovakia
2-1
Italy
1930
Uruguay
Argentina
4-2
Uruguay
Titles
Country
5
Brazil
4
Italy
3
Germany
2
Uruguay
2
Argentina
1
France
1
England
Titles
Continent
9
South America
9
Europe
Official Posters
Official Emblems
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